KINESIOLOGY

KINESIOLOGY
Sample Answer for KINESIOLOGY Included After Question
KINESIOLOGY Professional Organizations Additional information ; im a walker I went to all girl’s school till high school and didn’t have PE class Required Textbook: Introduction to Kinesiology: Studying Physical Activity, 5th edition; Shirl J. Hoffman (ed) Chapter 05 History of Chapter 06 Sociology Chapter 08 Sport and Chapter 07 Motor Chapter 04 Chapter 9 Biomechanics of Physical of Physical Activity Canvas.pptx Exercise Psychology Canvas.pptx Behavior Activity (1).pptx Canvas.pptx Activity canvas ActivityCanvas.pptx Canvas. pptx Philosophy of Physical Physical Chapter 10 Physiology of Physical Activity Canvas.pptx Professional Organizations Part 1 Choose ONE of the professional organizations from Chapters 4-7 (Philosophy, History, Sociology or Motor Behavior). Provide a link to the organization and a description (about 200-250) words so that your peers can determine if it is an organization worth investigating further. You should discuss items like student memberships, professional networks, conferences, journals, scholarship opportunities, the target audience of the organization, benefits of joining, etc. Professional Organizations Part 2 Choose ONE of the professional organizations from Chapters 8-10 (Sport/Exercise Psychology, Biomechanics, Exercise Physiology). Provide a link to the organization and a description (about 200-250) words so that your peers can determine if it is an organization worth investigating further. You may want to discuss items like student memberships, professional networks, conferences, journals, scholarship opportunities, the target audience of the organization, benefits of joining, etc. KINESIOLOGY Required Textbook: Introduction to Kinesiology: Studying Physical Activity, 5th edition; Shirl J. Hoffman (ed) Additional information ; im a walker I went to all girl’s school till high school and didn’t have PE class Chapter One Journal CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO KINESIOLOGY Duane V. Knudson and Shirl J. Hoffman (with acknowledgment to Janet C. Harris) After reading the article in the this module, briefly respond to the following: (for full credit, you must reference the reading in your response) Describe your current level of experience with physical activity. Has it changed since you entered college? If so, why do you think it has, and has this change been for the better or worse? What motivates you to be physically active? How do you think we could increase physical activity levels of University students campus wide? Chapter Two Journal C H A P T E R 2 The Spheres of Physical Activity Experience Chapter 02 The Spheres of Physical Activity Answer the following questions: Give a brief example of how you use physical activity in each of the 7 spheres personally. Which sphere do you believe will be the focus of your intended career (personally/with those you interact with)? Addressing the reading about “gym class” and our class content on physical education, what are your memories of PE? Did you find it enjoyable? Do you feel your classes met the objectives of public school physical education programs (see notes or text)? Do you feel the program prepared you to be a physically educated person (see the six specific objectives in notes)? Chapter Three Journal C H A P T E R 3 The Importance of Physical Activity Experiences Chapter 03 The Importance of Physical Activity In 200-250 words, reflect on who (or what) has been an influence on your physical activity choices (current or past). Are there any factors that have been a barrier to be active? In addition to the textbook, please reference at least ONE of the additional readings provided to you. Think about someone who differs from you socially (not a specific person, think along lines of race, sex, gender, socioeconomic status)- what additional barriers (or facilitators) to physical activity do you think would be present? How are they similar or different to you own? In the future, how can you positively influence physical activity levels of those you work with? Chapter 4 Journal C H A P T E R 4 Philosophy of Physical Activity Chapter 05 Philosophy of Physical Activity Briefly reflect on the class philosophy discussion by answering the following: Which issues stood out to you? Did your views change on any issues? Were your views reinforced on any issues? Which issues do you want to learn more about? How can you go about this? Chapter 5 Journal C H A P T E R 5 History of Physical Activity Chapter 06 History of Physical Activity Please respond in 200-250 words. Based upon the timelines you created in class, what historical events had the biggest impact on you in terms of physical activity participation, and your current/ future profession and scholarly study? They do not have to be from the same time era, or the one you worked on. Look for an additional event that was not on the timeline that is relevant for you. Maybe this is related to your future career, the way you engage in physical activity or something related to your social identity. For example, I may discuss the first woman to run the Boston Marathon. Identify the event and its significance for you personally as well as the field or sport. This part should include a reference. Chapter 6 Journal C H A P T E R 6 Sociology of Physical Activity Chapter 07 Sociology of Physical Activity In 200-250 words reflect on your own social identify from the identity wheel activity and how that has influenced your physical activity participation and cultural expression? How do you think it can influence your leadership capacity? Have you been in a position of power (using textbook definition of power)? Why or why not? Consider how being free from physical disability can put one in a position of power, particularly with physical activity. What can be done to make this more equitable? Please reference in APA, at least one of the readings OR one of the Ted Talks in this module in addition to the textbook. Chapter 8 Journal C H A P T E R 8 Sport and Exercise Psychology Chapter 09 Sport and Exercise Psychology In 200-250 words reflect on the Progressive muscle relaxation experience. How did you feel before, during and after completing this? Referencing at least one of the additional readings, (in APA format) discuss how PMR can be beneficial to you currently or of use in your future profession. How can any of the other psychological techniques we discussed benefit for yourself now in your physical activity practice or how could you incorporate into your future professional practice? C H A P T E R 10 Physiology of Physical Activity Chapter 11 Physiology of Physical Activity Chapter Objectives • Cover the key features of the subdiscipline of physiology of physical activity and employment opportunities available to exercise science professionals. • Explain how physiology of physical activity fits within kinesiology. • Review the history and development of physiology of physical activity as a subdiscipline. Chapter Objectives (continued) • Identify the research methods used by kinesiologists working in exercise physiology. • Examine how the body responds to physical activity and how these changes relate to physical performance and health. What is Physiology of Physical Activity? • The study of acute (immediate) physiological responses to physical activity and the changes in physiological responses to chronic (repeated over time) physical activity. • Exercise physiologists apply principles of biology and chemistry to understand how the body responds to physical activity; this serves as the foundation for conditioning, fitness, and rehabilitation programs. • Often referred to as exercise physiology, this is (along with biomechanics of physical activity) a subdiscipline of the biophysical sphere. Why Use Physiology of Physical Activity? • Enhance sport performance and training. • Improve _______________________________. • Promote health and _____________________with physical activity. • Understand physiological changes from physical activity. What Does a Physiologist of Physical Activity Do? • University professors • Researchers for the military or NASA • Employees of corporate fitness or hospitalbased wellness programs • Clinical exercise physiologists employed by hospitals in cardiac rehabilitation programs (continued) What Does a Physiologist of Physical Activity Do? (continued) • Exercise instructors • Personal trainers • Strength and conditioning professionals • Specialization with a particular population (older adults, children, pulmonary patients) Goals of Exercise Physiology • Understand how to enhance physical performance • Understand how to improve physical function in a particular environment such as high temperature or altitude • Understand how PA and exercise improve health and fitness • Understand how exercise can be used in treating and preventing disease and alleviating symptoms of disease • Understand adaptations in anatomy and physiology in response to PA Enhance Sport Performance and Training • Sport physiology: applications of the concepts of exercise physiology to enhance sport performance and optimally train athletes – Prepare for competition- concerned with the training, environment • Some of earliest responses to physiological responses to strenuous exercise came from Harvard Fatigue Laboratory • Sport physiologists use info and techniques from other disciplines – Nutrition; biomechanics Improve physical fitness • Understand the physiological determinants of physical fitness and how training improves fitness • Develop recommendations on _____________ (optimal intensity, frequency, duration of exercise programs) • Adapt programs to make them safe for children, older adults, special populations • Linked to psychology- why some adhere; behavior change theories Promote health through therapeutic PA • Exercise physiology is foundation for understanding why PA and exercise are beneficial in reducing risk of disease and in treating some forms of diseases • “significant health benefits can be obtained by including moderate amount of PA on most, if not all days of the week” – Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans – 2008 called for at least 150 mins (5 days) mod or 75 mins (3 days) vigorous each week; 2-3 days of strength training – New Guidelines released 2018. Similar to above. Excluded the need for 10 minute bouts. • Exercise physiologists are interested in the big picture= how physical fitness can prevent disease in large populations • Clinical Exercise Physiologists study the role of PA in disease management – Cardiac Rehab= requires knowledge of cardiovascular system, EKG interpretation, how to adapt mode, intensity, duration for those with known disease and recovering from MI or surgery Anatomical and Physiological Changes from PA • Examine the functional responses and structural adaptations of the cardiovascular, respiratory, muscular, and endocrine systems to different types of PA • Examine fuel sources used by muscles for exercise – Use biochemical techniques to develop understanding of lactate production and use of energy stores during PA History of Physiology of Physical Activity • Early beginnings evolved from physiology – Antoine Lavoisier-discovered animals consume oxygen and produce carbon dioxide – August Krogh- developed cycle ergometer to study physiological response to exercise – A.V. Hill- won Nobel Prize in 1921; presented many basic concepts concerning oxygen consumption, lactate production and oxygen debt • Early laboratories (1920s-1940s) – Harvard Fatigue Lab: D.B. Dill (studied environmental effects- lab had treadmill, gasometer, climatic room) – Springfield College: Peter V. Karpovich (effects of ergogenic aids) – University of Illinois: Thomas K. Cureton, Jr. (research of physical fitness) Significant Events Since 1950 • 1950s: Morris Coronary Heart Disease study in England (London bus drivers) – ACSM founded • 1970s: ACSM certification program; publications • 1980s: amenorrhea related to low bone density • 1990s: NIH and surgeon general’s reports – Physical inactivity is major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases – Moderate levels of PA confer significant health benefits • Regular PA reduces risk of Heart disease, diabetes, HBP, colon cancer and helps control weight Research Methods in Physiology of Physical Activity • Laboratory – ______________________: treadmills, leg and arm cycles, and swimming flume – Oxygen uptake: gas analyzers – Body composition: underwater weighing, calipers, BIA and DEXA (continued) Research Methods in Physiology of Physical Activity (continued) • Laboratory (continued): • Biochemical methods: blood samples and muscle biopsies • Animal models: mammals that match humans as closely as possible; can control the subject and environment more easily and specifically • Fieldwork (outside the laboratory): Technological advances have made fieldwork more practical. • Estimate maximal oxygen uptake based on walk or run times or distances • Use heart rate monitors, accelerometers, pedometers Overview of Knowledge in Physiology of Physical Activity • How physiological systems (cardiovascular, muscular and respiratory) respond and adapt to physical activity (single and repeated bouts) • Factors that influence physiological responses (e.g., temperature, diet, and altitude) • The relationship among fitness, activity, and ______________ Skeletal Muscles • Contain myofibrils with contractile elements that allow for shortening and force development • Muscle fiber types- classified by speed of contraction, fatigability, force production abilities – ________________(Slow oxidative) – Fast twitch • Fast oxidative glycolytic • Fast glycolytic • Muscle strength vs muscle endurance – ________: maximal amount of force exerted by a muscle group – ________: ability to repeatedly exert force over a prolonged period – _______: product of force and time Skeletal Muscles • Types of actions – _____________: static; joint angle specific • ie: plank – _______________: muscle changes length without changing tension • ie: free weights, – _____________:muscle changes length at constant rate of velocity • Specialized equipment that allows setting speed of movement; used more in rehab settings Skeletal Muscle • Training principles, including ___________________ and specificity • Adaptations: – Hypertrophy: increase of size of muscles – Neural: recruitment of additional motor units, better synchronization of muscle fiber contractions, reduction in neural inhibition Cardiovascular System • Transports oxygen to all tissues of the body • Cardiac output: heart rate and ______________ – Resting Q is about 5 L/min; increases with increasing workloads of PA – HR and SV increase acutely during exercise • SV will plateau around 40% of maximum oxygen consumption, further increases in Q are due to increasing HR • Blood flow distribution – At rest most blood flow is distributed to brain and organs – During exercise, more blood is distributed to working muscles and shunted from organs Cardiovascular System • Cardiorespiratory adaptations to training – Improvements in VO2 max – Increased stroke volume at rest and during exercise – Lower _________________________ exercising heart rate • No change in HR max – Increased size and contractibility of heart • Heart can pump more blood with less effort – Increased capillarization in skeletal muscles • More blood an oxygen delivered to muscles Respiratory System • The respiratory system regulates the exchange of gases (including oxygen) between the external environment (air) and the internal environment (inside the body). – Ventilation – Minute ventilation (VE): amount air exhaled each minute • Product of ____________________________ • Ventilation increases rapidly at the onset of physical activity and also as a function of exercise intensity. – Increase in respiratory rate and tidal volume – Tidal volume increases with training- able to move more air with less breaths – Increases steadily at first, and then more rapidly= this point is called ventilatory threshold • Occurs around 50-75% of max • Increases with training • Effects of exercise Temperature Effects – _________ has little affect (to a point): frostbite, wind • For cold dress in layers: first moisture wicking, second insulating, third if necessary should wind or water proof – Warm, humid temperatures can be dangerous: heat cramps, heat exhaustion heat stroke • Effects of acclimatization- allows us to gradually adjust to changing environment • Effect of increased internal heat related to increased physical activity and its impact on vasodilation of skin blood vessels and sweating – When exercising blood vessels near surface of skin __________ to allow for____________ and evaporation. In hot, humid weather sweat does not evaporate= results in higher body temp – Sweat that drips off of body does not produce cooling effect – Higher HR for same workload in hot environments Nutritional Intake • We have enough ____________ to sustain low-intensity PA for many days • Need short-term energy sources (Carbohydrates) for moderate-vigorous endurance activities – Daily _______________ intake is crucial to athletic performance Nutritional Intake • Carbohydrates: stored as glycogen in skeletal muscles and liver – Main fuel at high intensity – Normal muscle glycogen stores are depleted in about ____ mins at 75% VO2 max – Maintaining carbohydrate levels during prolonged exercise is important because low blood glucose levels lead to _______________ • Consumption of carbohydrates immediately before and during can hold off fatigue – carbohydrate loading: increasing CHO intake after CHO depletion days before important competition will increase CHO stores • No advantage for events lasting less than one hour • Always practice before big competition Nutritional Intake • Fluids – ___________ makes up 55-60% of human body – Sweat loss decreases body fluids within and between cells and decreases _______________ • Decreases amount of blood returned to the heart, decreases stroke volume, increases heart rate to meet demands • If fluid not replaces will increase body temperature= leads to heat illness • Decrease _________________ Nutritional Intake • Fluids – Weigh yourself before and after activity – If ______ or more body weight loss dehydration could cause performance declines or risk of illness – Replace fluids every 15-20 mins • During activities lasting less than 1 hour, no advantage to consuming CHO beverages • Risk of _____________________ in long duration endurance events in heat Nutritional intake • Iron – Blood _______________________ with help of iron – Oxygen “rides” on iron atoms in hemoglobin – Anemia: decreased hemoglobin concentrations • Reduces endurance capacities • Common among female athletes PA, Fitness and Health • Engaging in moderate-intensity PA on a regular basis confers health benefits • Activity does not need to be continuous= can be accumulated in bouts as short as 10 mins or even less – New guidelines eliminated need for 10 minutes; • ________mins/ week moderate intensity will confer health benefits • _____________: greater volumes of exercise will result in additional health benefits • Exercise programs designed to improve health and fitness should begin slowly and progress. Increases adherence and decreases injury risk PA, Fitness and Health • Effects of Age on Fitness – VO2 max declines with age- about 10% per decade – Can be held to about 5% per decade with regular activity PA, Health and Fitness • PA, Fitness and CHD – Higher levels of fitness are associated with improved health status – Most fit individuals have lower relative risk of developing or dying from cardiovascular disease or (some) cancer than those less fit – Participation in PA _________________________________________________, colon cancer, hypertension, and diabetes PA, Health and Fitness • PA and Weight Control – Daily PA helps control weight – Weight gain and loss determined by interplay between calories consumed and expended • PA _____________________________ • Higher intensity activity increases energy expenditure – Metabolic rate remains elevated during recovery from PA (EPOC) • Total energy expenditure from a single bout of exercise is __________________________ than the exercise itself PA, Health and Fitness • PA and Weight Control – ExRx for weight loss includes 30-60 minutes of daily PA • Sedentary individuals are more likely to be overweight or obese= increases risk for CHD and diabetes • Reducing body weight also helps lower BP and serum triglycerides • Decreasing obesity rates is a pressing problem for exercise physiologists currently Body Mass Index • BMI = body mass in kilograms  the square of height in meters. • BMI assessment is easy and noninvasive; elevated values are indicative of obesity-related disease risk. • A BMI of >30 is classified as obese (in 2011-12, 35% of adults, 21% of adolescents 12-19, and 17% of children 6-11 were obese). Professional Resources • Organizations – American College of Sports Medicine – American Council on Exercise – American Society of Exercise Physiologists – Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology – Exercise & Sports Science Australia – National Strength and Conditioning Association • Journals – ACSM’s Health & Fitness Journal – American Journal of Sports Medicine – Clinics in Sports Medicine – Exercise and Sports Science Reviews – International Journal of Exercise Science – Journal of Exercise Physiology Online – Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport – Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness • Journals: – Journal of Sports Sciences – Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research – Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science – Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise – Pediatric Exercise Science – The Physician and Sportsmedicine – Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport – Sports Medicine – Strength and Conditioning Journal Check out • What type of exercise establishes tension in the muscle without changing length? • a. isokinetic • b. isometric • c. isotonic • d. hypertrophic ___________________ refers to an increase in size of skeletal muscles, an adaptation of training. • a. hypertrophy • b. hypotrophy • c. atrophy • d. rhabdomyolysis • Cardiac output is a product of heart rate x _______________________. • When body temperature rises during physical activity, which thermoregulatory response is stimulated? • a. shivering • b. sweating • c. vasoconstriction of skin blood vessels • d. redirecting blood to the visceral organs Muscular ______________is a product of force and time a. strength b. endurance c. power d. agility Health-related benefits of exercise can occur by accumulating bouts of at least _____ minutes of exercise three times per day. a. 5 b. 10 c. 150 d. according to new PA Guidelines for Americans, any amount can add up Preparing for Part III C H A P T E R 9 Biomechanics of Physical Activity Chapter 10 Biomechanics of Physical Activity Chapter Objectives • Describe what biomechanics is and what it encompasses. • Explain how biomechanics is useful to you and in careers in kinesiology and related areas. • Address what biomechanists and related specialists do. • Explain how biomechanics emerged in the field of physical activity. • Introduce biomechanical concepts and the processes by which biomechanists and professionals in physical activity and related fields answer questions of interest in professional settings. Goals of Biomechanics of Physical Activity • To understand how basic laws of mechanical physics and engineering affect and shape the structure and function of the human body • Mechanics: a branch of physics that documents motion (kinematics) and the causes of motion (kinetics) • To apply this understanding to – improve the outcomes of our movements (i.e., performance effectiveness) and – increase or maintain the safety and health of our tissues. Application of Biomechanics • Improve movement techniques for sport performance, locomotion, and motor skill acquisition. • Improve _______________. • Prevent ________________. (continued) Application of Biomechanics (continued) • Guide rehabilitation and treatment • NOTE: Biomechanics of human movement must account for additional factors influencing movement that include sensations such as pain, other performers, the environment, emotions, prior experience, cultural expectations, socioeconomic class, gender, and anatomy. Why Use Biomechanics of Physical Activity? • Our structures help us to function—for example, to breathe, run, text, and eat. • Conversely, our movement (i.e., our functioning) affects our structure. • Forces are needed to accomplish any task with movement; they also help maintain health of our body structures. Why Use Biomechanics of Physical Activity? (continued) • A force consists of a push or a pull on an object or body • Some forces that influence body structure and function: – Forces applied to us by another object (see figure 9.1a) – Forces we apply to another object to manipulate its motion (see figure 9.1b) – Forces acting on a bone (see figure 9.1c) Figure 9.1a Figure 9.1b Figure 9.1c What Is Biomechanics of Physical Activity? • Biomechanics applies the ____________ principles of physics and engineering to the motion, structure, and functioning of all living systems. • Biomechanists in the field of physical activity study how these principles affect human movement and the structure and function of the human body. What is Biomechanics? • Human movement biomechanics is the study of the structure and function of human beings using principles and methods of mechanics of physics and engineering • Two themes: • _____________ is our anatomy – How forces (ie: gravity) affect our body tissues • ___________ is how we move to accomplish some purpose – How we produce forces to generate, maintain or slow down movement Biomechanics in Action • http://www.nbclearn.com/summerolympics/cuecard/59560 Improving Performance Through Understanding Mechanical Laws • The performance of any person can be improved in almost any situation that involves physical activity—for example, repetitive work tasks, activities of daily living, exercise, occupational or sport training, sport performance, music playing, dance, and even lying in bed. • If we understand how living organisms can best exploit the mechanical laws that govern how motion is controlled, then we can intelligently select the best movement techniques for a given performer to use in completing a certain movement task. Newton’s Laws of Motion • _________ (First Law of Motion) – Our body will not begin moving (or stop if already moving) unless a force is acted upon it • Third Law – For every action there is an ______________________________ – Ex: when a runner pushes down against the ground with some force (action) the ground will push an equal amount of force (ground reaction force) back on the runner in upward and forward direction to propel the runner Newton’s Laws in the NFL • http://www.nbclearn.com/science-of-nfl-football • Forces are important when dealing with structure – When we are moving or resting, forces are acting on the outside and inside of our bodies – These forces affect the structure- the health of muscles, bones, connective tissues • Ie: astronauts lose bone density in space due to lack of gravitational force • When we apply force to our bones, muscles or connective tissue we can ______________________ them (or injure if force is too great) What Does a Biomechanist Do? • Researcher • Clinical biomechanist • Performance enhancement specialist • Ergonomist or human factors engineer (industrial task analysis specialist) • Forensic biomechanist • University professor • Certified orthotist or prosthetist Goals of a Biomechanist • ________________________in sport and dance • Reduce or prevent injuries at work, at home, and during exercise and sport tasks • Improve the movements of people with pathological conditions (clinical settings) • Increase performers’ health with exercise or training regimens • Assist with the design of equipment, artificial limbs, and orthoses for safety History of Biomechanics Early beginnings: • Aristotle (380-320BC)- observed animal motion and walking patterns in humans • Leonardo da Vinci (1400-1500s)-credited with developing first systematic examination of mechanical principles of human and animal movement • Biomechanics applications begin in late 1800s • Industrial revolution provided inventions like measuring instruments and cameras for observing movement • Posse and Skarstrom: first use of the term kinesiology in the United States in late 1800s • Interested in gymnastics History of Biomechanics (continued) Early beginnings (continued): • 1920s and 1930s: researchers such as • Ruth Glassow- began to categorize movement in physical ed and applied fundamental principles of mechanics and physics to the skills of each category • Thomas Cureton- began teaching mechanics of sport and PA • Charles McCloy-identified specific principles that influence movement • World events shape biomechanics (WW I, WW II, polio, prosthetics, physical therapy) • 1950s: anthropometry, human factors design • Designs for automotive, space and aviation transportation- seats, cockpits, instrument panels based upon size and proportion History of Biomechanics (continued) Era of contemporary biomechanics • 1960s: conferences, organizations, graduate-level programs, Kinesiology Section (1965) • 1970s: rapid expansion, sport medicine, dance kinesiology (biomechanics) • Late 20th century: continued expansion of university programs and organizations, switch from the term kinesiology to biomechanics to identify this subdiscipline Research Methods in Biomechanics Model of Analysis: Systematic Process 1. I____________________________. 2. State ____________________. 3. Consider _________________. – Physical, emotional, etc 4. Understand _______________________used to perform the activity studying (continued) Research Methods in Biomechanics (continued) Model of Analysis: Systematic Process 5. Determine ________________________________________. 6. Observe or____________________________. – Qualitative: observation – Quantitative: obtain numerical data using biomechanical instrumentationtools that measure force, speed, time, motion 7. ____________________________________? Assessment, evaluation, and interpretation. – Share your results – Provide ______________________ In Action… • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H3pfjvlk2hA Biomechanical Instrumentation and Other Tools • Stopwatches, metronomes, protractors, barbells, and free weights • Computer simulations • Motion measurement devices: cameras, video, light-emitting diodes (LED) • Attach reflective markers on points of the body to track motion in various segments • _____________________ measurement devices: • transducers: measures how much force is placed on a joint, ligament, etc; device attached to tissues or place artificial implants inside body • Platforms- measure ground reaction force; metal plate with force transducers attached to beams that hold the plate up • ________________-estimating muscle forces via measuring electrical activity of the membranes of the muscle cells when nerve cells are stimulated to contract – Place electrodes on the bellies of the muscles where the muscle fiber membranes are most likely to be stimulated by nerve cells – Nerve cell sends electrical signal to muscle fibers to tell the muscle fiber to generate force – EMG can also identify which muscles are active during a particular movement, which indicates which muscles to target for strength, power, or endurance training – EMG can be used clinically to determine whether a muscle is functioning correctly Overview of Knowledge in Biomechanics • How external forces (gravity, ground reaction forces, friction, fluid resistance) act on performers. • How internal forces act on performers. • How biomechanical laws of nature shape our movements (law of inertia, law