NURS 6501 Week 6: Discuss Concepts of Endocrine Disorders

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Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone
Pheochromocytosis
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A Sample Answer For the Assignment: NURS 6501 Week 6: Discuss Concepts of Endocrine Disorders
Title: NURS 6501 Week 6: Discuss Concepts of Endocrine Disorders

Question 1  

Needs Grading 

 
A 21-year-old male college student was brought to Student Health Services by his girlfriend who was concerned about changes in her boyfriend’s behaviors. The girlfriend says that recently he began hearing voices and believes everyone is out to get him. The student says he is unable to finish school because the voices told him he was not smart enough. The girlfriend relates episodes of unexpected rage and crying. Past medical history noncontributory but family history positive for a first cousin who “had mental problems”. Denies current drug abuse but states he smoked marijuana every day during his junior and senior years of high school. He admits to drinking heavily on weekends at various fraternity houses. Physical exam reveals thin, anxious disheveled male who, during conversations, stops talking, cocks his head and appears to be listening to something. There is poor eye contact and conversation is rambling.  
 
Based on the observed behaviors and information from girlfriend, the APRN believes the student has schizophrenia.   
 
Question 1 of 4: 
 
Describe the positive symptoms of schizophrenia and relate those symptoms to the case study patient.   
 
 
 
 

Selected Answer:  
Some of the positive symptoms of schizophrenia are olfactory, auditory, somatic-tactile hallucinations. conversing and commenting voices. Patients may also experience delusions of reference, control, mind reading, persecution, grandiosity, and guilt, and somatic symptoms of thought withdrawal, insertion, and broadcasting. Some of the thought disorder symptoms that most schizophrenic patients exhibit include incoherence, derailment, distractible speech, illogicality, and circumstantially. Bizzare behaviors exhibited include an agitated and aggressive status, being repetitively stereotyped, sexual, and social behavior. The patient in this case scenario presented with persecution, auditory hallucinations, and a disheveled appearance. 

Correct Answer:  
 
Positive symptoms of schizophrenia include hallucinations that may be auditory, olfactory, somatic-tactile, visual, voices commenting, and voices conversing. Delusions are also positive symptoms and include delusion of being controlled, delusion of mind reading, delusion of reference, delusion of grandiosity, guilt, persecution, somatic thought broadcasting, thought insertion and thought withdrawal. 
Thought disorder symptoms include distractible speech, incoherence, illogicality, circumstantially, and derailment. Bizarre behaviors are other positive symptoms of schizophrenia. Those behaviors include aggressiveness and agitated states, clothing appearance, repetitive stereotyped, and social and sexual behavior. 
This patient exhibited signs of auditory hallucinations, disheveled appearance, and persecution. 

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Question 2  

A Sample Answer For the Assignment: NURS 6501 Week 6: Discuss Concepts of Endocrine Disorders
Title: NURS 6501 Week 6: Discuss Concepts of Endocrine Disorders

 
A 21-year-old male college student was brought to Student Health Services by his girlfriend who was concerned about changes in her boyfriend’s behaviors. The girlfriend says that recently he began hearing voices and believes everyone is out to get him. The student says he is unable to finish school because the voices told him he was not smart enough. The girlfriend relates episodes of unexpected rage and crying. Past medical history noncontributory but family history positive for a first cousin who “had mental problems”. Denies current drug abuse but states he smoked marijuana every day during his junior and senior years of high school. He admits to drinking heavily on weekends at various fraternity houses. Physical exam reveals thin, anxious disheveled male who, during conversations, stops talking, cocks his head and appears to be listening to something. There is poor eye contact and conversation is rambling.  
Based on the observed behaviors and information from girlfriend, the APRN believes the student has schizophrenia.   
Question 2 of 4: 
Explain the genetics of schizophrenia.  
 
 
 
 

Selected Answer:  
Schizophrenia can be inherited when an individual inherits the disease alleles. The genes found on different chromosomes can penetrate and recognize the primary cause of schizophrenia. The risk of schizophrenia is associated with advanced paternal age. Its risk also increases in biological relatives who have schizophrenia than adopted relatives. Among first-degree relatives of individuals with schizophrenia, its risk is 10%. For a scenario where both parents are schizophrenic, the risk of the child being diagnosed with schizophrenia is 40%. For monozygotic twins, the concordance for schizophrenia is 40%-50% while for dizygotic twins is 10%.  
 

Correct Answer:  
 
The causes of schizophrenia are not known. There are probably at least 2 sets of risk factors, genetic and perinatal. In addition, undefined socioenvironmental factors may increase the risk of schizophrenia in international migrants or urban populations of ethnic minorities. Increased paternal age is associated with a greater risk of schizophrenia. 
The risk of schizophrenia is elevated in biologic relatives of persons with schizophrenia but not in adopted relatives. The risk of schizophrenia in first-degree relatives of persons with schizophrenia is 10%. If both parents have schizophrenia, the risk of schizophrenia in their child is 40%. Concordance for schizophrenia is about 10% for dizygotic twins and 40-50% for monozygotic twins. 
Genome-wide association studies have identified many candidate genes, but the individual gene variants that have been implicated so far account for only a small fraction of schizophrenia cases, and these findings have not always been replicated in different studies. The genes that have been found mostly change a gene’s expression or a protein’s function in a small way. 

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Question 3  

A Sample Answer For the Assignment: NURS 6501 Week 6: Discuss Concepts of Endocrine Disorders
Title: NURS 6501 Week 6: Discuss Concepts of Endocrine Disorders

 
A 21-year-old male college student was brought to Student Health Services by his girlfriend who was concerned about changes in her boyfriend’s behaviors. The girlfriend says that recently he began hearing voices and believes everyone is out to get him. The student says he is unable to finish school because the voices told him he was not smart enough. The girlfriend relates episodes of unexpected rage and crying. Past medical history noncontributory but family history positive for a first cousin who “had mental problems”. Denies current drug abuse but states he smoked marijuana every day during his junior and senior years of high school. He admits to drinking heavily on weekends at various fraternity houses. Physical exam reveals thin, anxious disheveled male who, during conversations, stops talking, cocks his head and appears to be listening to something. There is poor eye contact and conversation is rambling.  
 
Based on the observed behaviors and information from girlfriend, the APRN believes the student has schizophrenia.   
Question 3 of 4: 
 
The APRN reviews recent literature and reads that neurotransmitters are involved in the development of schizophrenia. What roles do neurotransmitters play in the development of schizophrenia? 
 
 
 
 

Selected Answer:  
Initially, it was hypothesized that schizophrenia stemmed from abnormally high levels of dopamine; a brain neurotransmitter. This proposition arose from pharmacological studies which demonstrated that antipsychotics can block dopamine receptors in the brain.  The studies also found a strong correlation between the clinical potency of first-generation anti-psychotics and their affinity for D2 dopamine receptors. Another system of neurotransmitters that underlies the pathophysiology of schizophrenia is glutamate; an excitatory neurotransmitter and how it acts on the NMDA receptor subtype. According to this hypothesis, it is proposed that schizophrenia may occur when glutamate receptors are under-activated. The concertation of glutamate in CSF decreases when the synthesis of cortical glutamate also decreases.  
 

Correct Answer:  
 
Abnormalities of the dopaminergic system are thought to exist in schizophrenia. The first observable effective antipsychotic drugs, chlorpromazine and reserpine, were structurally different from each other, but they shared antidopaminergic properties. Drugs that diminish the firing rates of mesolimbic dopamine D2 neurons are antipsychotic, and drugs that stimulate these neurons (eg, amphetamines) exacerbate psychotic symptoms. 
Hypodopaminergic activity in the mesocortical system, leading to negative symptoms, and hyperdopaminergic activity in the mesolimbic system, leading to positive symptoms, may coexist. The newer antipsychotic drugs block both dopamine D2 and serotonin (5- hydroxytryptamine [5-HT]) receptors. 
Clozapine, probably the most effective antipsychotic agent, is a particularly weak dopamine D2 antagonist. Thus, other neurotransmitter systems, such as norepinephrine, serotonin, and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), are undoubtedly involved. 

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Question 4  

A Sample Answer For the Assignment: NURS 6501 Week 6: Discuss Concepts of Endocrine Disorders
Title: NURS 6501 Week 6: Discuss Concepts of Endocrine Disorders

 
A 21-year-old male college student was brought to Student Health Services by his girlfriend who was concerned about changes in her boyfriend’s behaviors. The girlfriend says that recently he began hearing voices and believes everyone is out to get him. The student says he is unable to finish school because the voices told him he was not smart enough. The girlfriend relates episodes of unexpected rage and crying. Past medical history noncontributory but family history positive for a first cousin who “had mental problems”. Denies current drug abuse but states he smoked marijuana every day during his junior and senior years of high school. He admits to drinking heavily on weekends at various fraternity houses. Physical exam reveals thin, anxious disheveled male who, during conversations, stops talking, cocks his head and appears to be listening to something. There is poor eye contact and conversation is rambling.  
 
Based on the observed behaviors and information from girlfriend, the APRN believes the student has schizophrenia.   
Question 4 of 4: 
The APRN reviews recent literature and reads that structural problems in the brain may be involved in the development of schizophrenia. Explain what structural abnormalities are seen in people with schizophrenia. 
 
 
 
 

Selected Answer:  
Advanced studies in neuroimaging reveal that there are significant brain differences between individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia and those without schizophrenia. People with schizophrenia have large ventricles, hippocampus changes, and a decreased brain volume in the medial temporal areas.  MRI studies reveal that there are anatomical abnormalities in limbic and neocortical regions that interconnect with the tracts of the white matter.  
 

Correct Answer:  
 
Advances in neuroimaging studies show differences between the brains of those with schizophrenia and those without this disorder. In people with schizophrenia, the ventricles are somewhat larger, there is decreased brain volume in medial temporal areas, and changes are seen in the hippocampus. 
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies show anatomic abnormalities in a network of neocortical and limbic regions and interconnecting white-matter tracts. Some studies using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to examine white matter found that 2 networks of white-matter tracts are reduced in schizophrenia. 
Brain imaging showed reductions in whole-brain volume and in left and right prefrontal and temporal lobe volumes in many people who are at high genetic risk for schizophrenia. The changes in prefrontal lobes are associated with increasing severity of psychotic symptoms. 
MRI studies of schizophrenic patients show that structural brain abnormalities may progress over time. The abnormalities identified included loss of whole-brain volume in both gray and white matter and increases in lateral ventricular volume. 

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Question 5  

A Sample Answer For the Assignment: NURS 6501 Week 6: Discuss Concepts of Endocrine Disorders
Title: NURS 6501 Week 6: Discuss Concepts of Endocrine Disorders

 
A 34-year-old female was brought to the Urgent Care Center by her husband who is very concerned about the changes he has seen in his wife for the past 3 months. He states that his wife has had been depressed and irritable, has complaints of extreme fatigue, has lost 10 pounds and has had insomnia. He has come home from work to find his wife sitting in front of the TV and not moving for hours. In the past few days, she suddenly has become very hyperactive, has been talking incessantly, has been easily distracted and seems to “flit from one thing to another.”. She hasn’t slept in 3 days. The wife went on an excessive shopping spree for new clothes that resulted in their credit card being denied for exceeding the line of credit. The wife is unable to sit in the exam room and is currently pacing the hallway muttering to herself and is reluctant to talk with or be examined the ARNP. Physical observation shows agitated movements, rapid fire speech, and hyperactivity. Based on the history and observable symptoms, the APRN suspects that the patient has bipolar type 2 disorder. The APRN refers the patient and husband to the Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner for evaluation and treatment.  
 
Question 1 of 6: 
 
Discuss the role genetics plays in the development of bipolar 2 disorders.   
 
 
 
 

Selected Answer:  
Family and twin studies provide a strong basis for mood disorders.  For dizygotic and monozygotic twins, the bipolar concordance rates are 28% and 62% respectively. Even for adopted relatives from a biologic family of mood disorders, there is a high likelihood of developing manic-depressive or major depression as compared to control adoptees. Both schizophrenia and bipolar are associated with loci on chromosomes 22 and 18. Most individuals with bipolar who exhibit psychotic behaviors are highly deficient in reelin expression which is linked to the genetic loci on chromosome 22.  
 

Correct Answer:  
 
The pathophysiology of bipolar disorder, or manic-depressive illness (MDI), has not been fully identified, and there are no objective biologic markers that correspond definitively with the disease state. Twin, family, and adoption studies all indicate that bipolar disorder has a significant genetic component. Firstdegree relatives of a person with bipolar disorder are approximately 7 times more likely to develop bipolar disorder than the rest of the population, and the heritability of bipolar I disorder (BPI) has recently been estimated at 0.73. 
Bipolar individuals, who may exhibit psychotic behavior, have deficits in reelin expression linked to genetic loci located on the chromosome 22, which confers susceptibility to schizophrenia. Given that, there still are large variations in clinical symptoms suggests that developmental and environmental factors are as important as genetic factors in contributing to the etiology of mood disorders. 

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Question 6  

A Sample Answer For the Assignment: NURS 6501 Week 6: Discuss Concepts of Endocrine Disorders
Title: NURS 6501 Week 6: Discuss Concepts of Endocrine Disorders

 
A 34-year-old female was brought to the Urgent Care Center by her husband who is very concerned about the changes he has seen in his wife for the past 3 months. He states that his wife has had been depressed and irritable, has complaints of extreme fatigue, has lost 10 pounds and has had insomnia. He has come home from work to find his wife sitting in front of the TV and not moving for hours. In the past few days, she suddenly has become very hyperactive, has been talking incessantly, has been easily distracted and seems to “flit from one thing to another.”. She hasn’t slept in 3 days. The wife went on an excessive shopping spree for new clothes that resulted in their credit card being denied for exceeding the line of credit. The wife is unable to sit in the exam room and is currently pacing the hallway muttering to herself and is reluctant to talk with or be examined the ARNP. Physical observation shows agitated movements, rapid fire speech, and hyperactivity. Based on the history and observable symptoms, the APRN suspects that the patient has bipolar type 2 disorder. The APRN refers the patient and husband to the Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner for evaluation and treatment.  
Question 2 of 6: 
 
Explain how the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) system may be associated with bipolar type 2 disease.  
 
 
 
 

Selected Answer:  
The HPA has an integral role in coping. Individuals with major depression have elevated secretion of glucocorticoid. This suggests that the mechanisms that are responsible for the secretion of hormones in HPA are major contributors to the pathophysiology of depression.   The secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone increases when there is an exaggerated release of corticotrophin-releasing factor which is accompanied by a subsequent elevation of cortisol in circulation. These mechanisms are also associated with increased deficits in the cortico-limbic regulation, overactivity of the amygdala, and a compromised regulatory role of the hippocampus. Most patients with mood disorders aulos have a diminished sensitivity of glucocorticoid receptors and this is attributable to elevated inflammatory cytokines that disrupt the physiological feedback regulatory mechanism of the HPS axis.  
  
 

Correct Answer:  
 
The HPA system plays an essential role in an individual’s ability to cope with stress. Chronic stress induced activation of the HPA system and elevate glucocorticoid secretion are found in many people with bipolar disease. function. Exaggerated release of corticotrophin-releasing factor contributes to increased adrenocorticotropic hormone secretion and a subsequent elevation of circulating cortisol. These disturbances are most likely attributable to deficits in cortico-limbic regulation with consequent amygdala over activity and a compromised hippocampal regulatory role. Also, glucocorticoid receptors appear to have diminished sensitivity in mood disorders possibly due to elevation of inflammatory cytokines, thereby disrupting physiological feedback regulation on the HPA axis and immune system. 

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Question 7  

A Sample Answer For the Assignment: NURS 6501 Week 6: Discuss Concepts of Endocrine Disorders
Title: NURS 6501 Week 6: Discuss Concepts of Endocrine Disorders

 
A 34-year-old female was brought to the Urgent Care Center by her husband who is very concerned about the changes he has seen in his wife for the past 3 months. He states that his wife has had been depressed and irritable, has complaints of extreme fatigue, has lost 10 pounds and has had insomnia. He has come home from work to find his wife sitting in front of the TV and not moving for hours. In the past few days, she suddenly has become very hyperactive, has been talking incessantly, has been easily distracted and seems to “flit from one thing to another.”. She hasn’t slept in 3 days. The wife went on an excessive shopping spree for new clothes that resulted in their credit card being denied for exceeding the line of credit. The wife is unable to sit in the exam room and is currently pacing the hallway muttering to herself and is reluctant to talk with or be examined the ARNP. Physical observation shows agitated movements, rapid fire speech, and hyperactivity. Based on the history and observable symptoms, the APRN suspects that the patient has bipolar type 2 disorder. The APRN refers the patient and husband to the Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner for evaluation and treatment.  
Question 3 of 6: 
 
Discuss the role inflammatory cytokines play in the development and exacerbation of bipolar type 2 symptoms  
 
 
 
 

Selected Answer:  
Currently, existing evidence reveals that social and psychologic stressors increase the production of inflammatory cytokines which contribute to the pathogenesis of mental illnesses. Peripheral cytokines can also contribute to alterations in the functioning of microglia when they enter the brain via circumventricular organs or compromise the primary role of the blood-brain barrier. This can directly traffic inflammatory molecules and cells between the brain and periphery leading to inflammation of the brain. The oxidative stress chemical milieu and inflammatory signals tend to precipitate a change in the functioning of astroglia. Similarly, altered astroglia can diminish the neutrophilic production of the GDNF (glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor) and BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor) leading to the production of glutamate and cytokines.  The release of glutamates suppresses the extra-synaptic N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors and subsequent suppression of the synthesis of BDNF. As a potent NMDA agonist, QA can further potentiate excitotoxicity.  
 

Correct Answer:  
 
Studies have fully demonstrated the association between manic and depressive episodes and a pro-inflammatory state involving both the innate and adaptive immune system. Peripheral inflammatory signals can gain access to the CNS through several pathways including areas of the brain not covered by the blood-brain barrier (BBB) such as the circumventricular organ, afferent vagal fibers may convey the peripheral cytokines and other inflammatory mediators to their nuclei, including nucleus tractus solitararius, BBB cells have the ability to import cytokines via active transport and peripheral immune cells such as macrophages. 
Inflammatory cytokines activate microglia in the brain causing them to intensify the inflammatory response by releasing reactive oxygen species, reactive nitrogen species, cytokines and chemokines. This chemical milieu of oxidative stress and inflammatory signals precipitates a change in astroglial function. Also, altered astroglia diminish their neurotrophic production including brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and start extruding cytokines and glutamate. Glutamate released from the astroglia accesses extra-synaptic N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, causing suppression of BDNF synthesis and activation of the proapoptotic cascade. QA is a potent NMDA agonist that may further potentiate excitotoxicity. 

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Question 8  

A Sample Answer For the Assignment: NURS 6501 Week 6: Discuss Concepts of Endocrine Disorders
Title: NURS 6501 Week 6: Discuss Concepts of Endocrine Disorders

 
A 34-year-old female was brought to the Urgent Care Center by her husband who is very concerned about the changes he has seen in his wife for the past 3 months. He states that his wife has had been depressed and irritable, has complaints of extreme fatigue, has lost 10 pounds and has had insomnia. He has come home from work to find his wife sitting in front of the TV and not moving for hours. In the past few days, she suddenly has become very hyperactive, has been talking incessantly, has been easily distracted and seems to “flit from one thing to another.”. She hasn’t slept in 3 days. The wife went on an excessive shopping spree for new clothes that resulted in their credit card being denied for exceeding the line of credit. The wife is unable to sit in the exam room and is currently pacing the hallway muttering to herself and is reluctant to talk with or be examined the ARNP. Physical observation shows agitated movements, rapid fire speech, and hyperactivity. Based on the history and observable symptoms, the APRN suspects that the patient has bipolar type 2 disorder. The APRN refers the patient and husband to the Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner for evaluation and treatment.  
Question 4 of 6: 
 
Discuss the role of the amygdala in bipolar disorder.  
 
 
 
 

Selected Answer:  
The amygdala modulates anxiety and fear. Patients who have anxiety disorders n exhibit a high amygdala response to cues of anxiety. Other structures of the limbic system and the amygdala are connected to the prefrontal cortex regions. The amygdala’s hyperresponsiveness can also be associated with decreased thresholds of activation when an individual responds to perceived social threats. Abnormalities of the activation of the prefrontal-limbic system also reverse with the clinical responses to pharmacologic and psychologic interventions . 

Correct Answer:  
 
With the development of functional and structural imaging, more brain structures are now under review. Imaging studies indicate decreased cerebral blood flow and glucose metabolism in the dorsolateral and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex of individuals affected by major depression or bipolar disorder. The brain amygdala appears key in modulating fear and anxiety. Patients with anxiety disorders often show heightened amygdala response to anxiety cues. The amygdala and other limbic system structures are connected to prefrontal cortex regions. Hyperresponsiveness of the amygdala may relate to reduced activation thresholds when responding to perceived social threat. Prefrontal-limbic activation abnormalities have been shown to reverse with clinical response to psychologic or pharmacologic interventions. 

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Question 9  

A Sample Answer For the Assignment: NURS 6501 Week 6: Discuss Concepts of Endocrine Disorders
Title: NURS 6501 Week 6: Discuss Concepts of Endocrine Disorders

 
A 34-year-old female was brought to the Urgent Care Center by her husband who is very concerned about the changes he has seen in his wife for the past 3 months. He states that his wife has had been depressed and irritable, has complaints of extreme fatigue, has lost 10 pounds and has had insomnia. He has come home from work to find his wife sitting in front of the TV and not moving for hours. In the past few days, she suddenly has become very hyperactive, has been talking incessantly, has been easily distracted and seems to “flit from one thing to another.”. She hasn’t slept in 3 days. The wife went on an excessive shopping spree for new clothes that resulted in their credit card being denied for exceeding the line of credit. The wife is unable to sit in the exam room and is currently pacing the hallway muttering to herself and is reluctant to talk with or be examined the ARNP. Physical observation shows agitated movements, rapid fire speech, and hyperactivity. Based on the history and observable symptoms, the APRN suspects that the patient has bipolar type 2 disorder. The APRN refers the patient and husband to the Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner for evaluation and treatment.  
Question 6 of 6: 
How does neurochemical dysregulation contribute to bipolar disorders?  
 
 
 
 

Selected Answer:  
According to the monoamine theory of depression, the underlying pathogenesis of depression is depleted levels of norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine in the CNS.  On the other hand, individuals with mania have high monoamine levels.  
 

Correct Answer:  
 
The monoamine theory of depression predicts that the underlying pathophysiologic basis of depression is a depletion in the levels of serotonin, norepinephrine, and/or dopamine in the central nervous system. In contrast, people with mania have elevated concentrations of monoamine. 

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Question 10  

A Sample Answer For the Assignment: NURS 6501 Week 6: Discuss Concepts of Endocrine Disorders
Title: NURS 6501 Week 6: Discuss Concepts of Endocrine Disorders

 
A 34-year-old female was brought to the Urgent Care Center by her husband who is very concerned about the changes he has seen in his wife for the past 3 months. He states that his wife has had been depressed and irritable, has complaints of extreme fatigue, has lost 10 pounds and has had insomnia. He has come home from work to find his wife sitting in front of the TV and not moving for hours. In the past few days, she suddenly has become very hyperactive, has been talking incessantly, has been easily distracted and seems to “flit from one thing to another.”. She hasn’t slept in 3 days. The wife went on an excessive shopping spree for new clothes that resulted in their credit card being denied for exceeding the line of credit. The wife is unable to sit in the exam room and is currently pacing the hallway muttering to herself and is reluctant to talk with or be examined the ARNP. Physical observation shows agitated movements, rapid fire speech, and hyperactivity. Based on the history and observable symptoms, the APRN suspects that the patient has bipolar type 2 disorder. The APRN refers the patient and husband to the Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner for evaluation and treatment.  
Question 6 of 6: 
 
What is the current status of the use of nutraceuticals in management of depression?  
 
 
 
 

Selected Answer:  
There is a gradually developing interest in nutraceutical therapy in the management of depressive and bipolar disorders.  Studies have revealed that adding zinc to a currently existing therapy for depression is significant. Zinc plays a major role in growth and development, immune responses, storage and release of hormones, and neurotransmission. In the brain, zinc is in glutamatergic neurons that modulate circulation in the hippocampus, cortex, and amygdala which affect cognitive and mood functions 

Correct Answer:  
 
There is a growing interest in nutraceutical therapy in the treatment of bipolar and depressive disorders. Certain studies have shown that the addition of zinc to an established antidepressant therapies may help. Zinc’s functions included growth, development, immune responses, neurotransmission, and hormone storage and release. In the brain, zinc is found in glutamatergic neurons that modulate the circuitry involving the cortex, amygdala, and hippocampus that affect mood and cognitive functions. There needs to be large scale studies that reliably replicate the antidepressant effects of nutraceuticals for depression. 

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Question 11  

A Sample Answer For the Assignment: NURS 6501 Week 6: Discuss Concepts of Endocrine Disorders
Title