THE ROLE OF THE RN/APRN IN POLICY-MAKING NURS 6050

Sample Answer for THE ROLE OF THE RN/APRN IN POLICY-MAKING NURS 6050 Included After Question

Word cloud generators have become popular tools for meetings and team-building events. Groups or teams are asked to use these applications to input words they feel best describe their team or their role. A “word cloud” is generated by the application that makes prominent the most-used terms, offering an image of the common thinking among participants of that role.

What types of words would you use to build a nursing word cloud? Empathetic, organized, hard-working, or advocate would all certainly apply. Would you add policy-maker to your list? Do you think it would be a very prominent component of the word cloud?

Nursing has become one of the largest professions in the world, and as such, nurses have the potential to influence policy and politics on a global scale. When nurses influence the politics that improve the delivery of healthcare, they are ultimately advocating for their patients. Hence, policy-making has become an increasingly popular term among nurses as they recognize a moral and professional obligation to be engaged in healthcare legislation.

Resources

Be sure to review the Learning Resources before completing this activity.
Click the weekly resources link to access the resources.

WEEKLY RESOURCES
To Prepare:
Revisit the Congress.gov website provided in the Resources and consider the role of RNs and APRNs in policy-making.
Reflect on potential opportunities that may exist for RNs and APRNs to participate in the policy-making process.
By Day 3 of Week 8

Post an explanation of at least two opportunities that exist for RNs and APRNs to actively participate in policy-making. Explain some of the challenges that these opportunities may present and describe how you might overcome these challenges. Finally, recommend two strategies you might make to better advocate for or communicate the existence of these opportunities to participate in policy-making. Be specific and provide examples.

By Day 6 of Week 8

Respond to at least two of your colleagues’* posts by suggesting additional opportunities or recommendations for overcoming the challenges described by your colleagues.

*Note: Throughout this program, your fellow students are referred to as colleagues.

A Sample Answer For the Assignment: THE ROLE OF THE RN/APRN IN POLICY-MAKING NURS 6050
Title: THE ROLE OF THE RN/APRN IN POLICY-MAKING NURS 6050 

There are many ways nurses can be involved in policymaking. The first opportunity is to join professional organizations. There are many professional organizations such as the American Nurses Association and the American Academy of Nursing. Professional organizations have an important role in policymaking and advocacy. They can lobby for the formulation of policies that promote patient care and protect the interests of nurses (Morin, 2021). The second opportunity is advocating for policymaking through the organizations they work. Registered nurses are professionals with the skills, capacity and knowledge to influence policymaking. They can ensure that the policies formulated are effective in their workplaces. Nurses should give their opinions and reject any policies that may negatively affect the safety and quality of healthcare services.

Policymaking through the professional organizations’ route has its challenges. Most professional organizations have complex registration processes and high membership costs. Research has shown that nurses may not join professional organizations due to the high membership costs (Gaines, 2019). This challenge of high membership costs can be solved by subsidizing membership fees for new members and fresh graduate nurses to ensure most nurses join these organizations. The workplace route may also present challenges. Poor leadership may not steer the nurses in the right direction to help in policymaking. This can be solved by training nurse leaders to have the right skills and competencies to help guide the nurses in policy formulation. They should be educated on political competencies.

The two strategies to communicate these opportunities are training and good leadership. Training of nurses, will allow them to understand their roles and participate in policymaking to improve patient care. The second strategy is good leadership. Good leaders will guide nurses on the existing opportunities to help in policymaking.

References

Gaines, K. (2019). You should join a nursing organization. Here’s why. Nurse.org. https://nurse.org/articles/benefits-of-nursing-organizations/

Morin, K. H. (2021). Editorial: Contributions of professional nursing organizations. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 77(6).

A Sample Answer 2 For the Assignment: THE ROLE OF THE RN/APRN IN POLICY-MAKING NURS 6050
Title: THE ROLE OF THE RN/APRN IN POLICY-MAKING NURS 6050 

Both of your suggestions for getting involved in policymaking are excellent. If you are not currently a member of ANA, please join now and enjoy the student rate and then you can participate in your state nurse’s association and it will bring to life much of what we discuss in this class.

Click here to ORDER an A++ paper from our Verified MASTERS and DOCTORATE WRITERS: THE ROLE OF THE RN/APRN IN POLICY-MAKING NURS 6050

There has been increasing growth toward nurses’ presence, role and influence in health policies during recent years as the health systems are rapidly developing and changing. Nurses (RN/APRN), as part of the healthcare delivery system should move forward along with these changes that for this reason, nurses need to influence the formulation of health policies rather than just mere implementation of these policies. They need to be active in the development of health policies to be better able to control their practice and they need to acquire policy-making skills in order to address professional challenges. By virtue of their values, professional ethics, advocacy skills and experiences, nurses have unique and valuable views toward health policies.

Nurses are expected to identify the issues deliberately and work with other decision makers to advance health care policies. Therefore, we can say that nurses have to be involved in policies which affect patients, families, themselves and the whole health care system. Nurses’ influence in health polices protects patient safety, increases quality of care and facilitates their access to the required resources and promotes quality health care. By knowing how the political system works and which strategies can effectively influence policy, any nurse can become an advocate at the local, state or federal level. Accordingly, the concept of policy influence in nursing is a new and important concept. Health systems policies settle within three levels: micro, macro and meso. In the micro level, policies are just for specific parts, fields, or groups, and have not been made essentially by the government, whereas in the macro level, policies are for the whole country and have been made essentially by the government. The meso level policies settle between micro and macro levels and have usually been made by official organizations.

Nurses have the ability to affect health policies. This effect is impossible without the required knowledge of health care system as a whole. Nurses need to be aware of policy agenda, policy makers and political backgrounds. They are advocates for improvement of the quality of care, but many of them do not have adequate organizational and personal power for advocating patients’ rights. In fact, for nurses to be in a state of empowering patients, it is first essential for them to be empowered. Their expertise, judgment and policy influence, all together help them to achieve their goals and to facilitate the professional process and the efficacy of health care system.

Professional nursing organizations and other healthcare leaders from government and healthcare organizations call for nurses to engage in health policy leadership and advocacy to fulfill the social and ethical responsibilities of the profession. For example, the American Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN, 2008) asserts that nurses have a moral and ethical responsibility to participate in the political process and advocate for patients, families, communities, the nursing profession and changes in the health care system as needed. The National League of Nursing (NLN, 2014) asserts that nurses have a role in shaping policy to assure patient access to safe, high-quality health care. The American Organization of Nurse Executives (AONE, 2014) encourages nurses to be active in national policies on health and patient care issues due to the most recent developments in national health policy. The American Nurses Association (ANA) Code of Ethics (ANA, 2015) and the Social Policy Statement (ANA, 2010) explicitly articulate nurses’ social and ethical roles and responsibilities pertaining to health policy. Three provisions from the Code of Ethics relate to the professional nurse’s involvement in health policy formation, implementation and modification. The Social Policy Statement describes nursing’s leadership role in public and political determinations about the health care resources, planning and regulations. Finally, the Institute of Medicine’s (IOM, 2011) report, The Future or Nursing, calls on nurses to be full partners, with physicians and other health care professionals in redesigning health care in the United States.

Many reasons for nurses’ lack of involvement in policy making have been identified, such as lack of awareness, inadequate skills  and little involvement  due to the fact that as direct caregivers, nurses spend more time with patients at the bedside  than any other healthcare providers in other disciplines. Another challenge or barrier is the limited formal health care policy education in nursing.

As early as the 1980s, majority of schools of nursing had incorporated health policy content into the curriculum, and nursing leaders stressed the importance of including health policy in nursing curricula (Andreoli et al.,1987). They argued that education was needed to increase nurses’ political skills, involvement and competence of nursing’s future leaders. (Rains & Carroll, 2000), to socialize students to think and act from the perspective of health policy and understand how they fit in the larger scheme of things (Choudhry & Callahan, 1993) and to provide nurses with a working knowledge of the process of health policy formulation, implementation, and modification. Recommendations for health policy curriculum content are readily available in nursing publications and from professional nursing accrediting organizations. The AACN has played a major role in ensuring that health policy is included in nursing curriculum. The AACN Essentials documents (AACN, 2006, 2008, 2011) call for nurses to achieve 12 health policy competencies at the baccalaureate level, 5 competencies at the master’s level, and 7 competencies at the DNP level. The AACN Essentials documents contain a broad over- view and comprehensive list of health policy competencies, content and activities to be included at every stage of nursing education.

By knowing how the system works and which opportunities or strategies can effectively influence policy, nurses (RN/ APRN) can actively participate in policy making  at the local, state, or federal level.  They can make phone calls to elected representatives about bills under consideration, testify before committees, become involved in practice councils or boards at the workplace and even run for elected office. There is strong consensus that nurses need to be more actively engaged in the health policy process. Although nurses’ contributions to health policy have steadily increased over time and currently receive greater recognition by the general public, far too many health policies are developed without sufficient input by nurses (Richter et al., 2013).

I propose an approach to health policy education in nursing based on stages of nursing professions political development (Cohen et al., 1996). With a staged approach to education, each level of education builds a foundation for the next. Content is introduced appropriate to the nurse’s role at each level of education and begins with what is familiar and most accessible to the student. Beginning at the baccalaureate level, the focus of education is on organizational and local policies, progressing to state and regional policies at the master’s level and culminating with federal health policies at the doctoral level. Aligning health policy content with clearly identified role expectations makes the content relevant. Also the skills gained at each level of education reinforce and are consistent with skills needed to participate in policy at that level. Staged curriculum content that is consistent with the roles for which nurses are educationally prepared expands expectations for students’ participation in health policy at each level of governance. These stages reinforce the notion that political development, like other areas of development, is a process achieved over time. I propose also that health policy be a stand-alone course at each level of education and that it should be reinforced by integrating aspects of policy into other courses in the curriculum.

Finally, I suggest that nursing faculty serve as role models based on their knowledge of and active engagement in health policies. Nursing faculty have a responsibility to facilitate students’ political development by providing the content and learning activities to support student progress through the various stages of development, including political and policy knowledge acquisition and progressive development of skills in communication, advocacy, analysis, and research. Dr. Fauci is our professor this course, Policy and Advocacy for Improving Population Health, he brings his expertise about health policies. I learned so much from him especially when he reflects to my discussions. He helped his students understand the complicated process of health policies and  building on the students’ research skills, writing assignments based on research helps students bring together the key components of health policy making.

With the master’s degree in nursing program, we are encouraged to become active participants in the policy process, bringing issues to policymakers’ attention and recommending alternate or amended policies to improve care to various state populations. Active participation in health policy involves legislative advocacy such as collaborating with policy makers or policy making bodies to gather support or influence the policy development process (Porche, 2012). Thus, graduates of master’s degree nursing programs are able to influence the policy process and its development, implementation and evaluation (AACN, 2011).

A Sample Answer 3 For the Assignment: THE ROLE OF THE RN/APRN IN POLICY-MAKING NURS 6050
Title: THE ROLE OF THE RN/APRN IN POLICY-MAKING NURS 6050 

Thank you for sharing how nurses can get involved in policymaking and the challenges we may face. I agree that getting involved in a professional organization is a great way for all nurses to become involved in policy. I will personally most likely end up joining at least two professional organizations. I would like to become a member of the American Nurses Association (ANA) and the American Psychiatric Nurses Association (APNA). The ANA is beneficial at a federal and state level by lobbying, representing nurses in federal agencies, and advocating at the state level (American Nurses Association. n.d.). Because my specialty is in psychiatric nursing, I will also join the American Psychiatric Nurses Association (APNA). As a member of the APNA, there is access to continuing education, updated best practices, networking with other professionals, a center for resources, and much more (APNA. n.d.).

Getting involved in policy making decisions at the organizational level is a great suggestion. This would be especially helpful for a nurse who plans to continue at their organization for a long time. I have been at my current employer for many years, and intend to stay at this organization once becoming and APRN. Thankfully there is strong leadership at my organization and becoming involved in committees is highly encouraged, and even rewarded. This will not have much impact on a large scale, but is a great way to improve and advance your practice where you work. Thank you for another great week of discussions!

References

American Nurses Association. (n.d.) Member Benefits. Retrieved January 19, 2022 from

https://www.nursingworld.org/membership/member-benefits/?utm_source=googlead&utm_medium=paidsocial&utm_campaign=acquisition_why_ana&utm_term=membership&gclid=Cj0KCQiAip-PBhDVARIsAPP2xc0EAC5Hai2QQus1kqP5XQS9kopC21LzZPu24LQfsBxu0jbJeHwjhToaAh5HEALw_wcB

American Psychiatric Nurses Association. (n.d.). Why Join? Retrieved January 19, 2022

from https://www.apna.org/membership/why-join/

A Sample Answer 4 For the Assignment: THE ROLE OF THE RN/APRN IN POLICY-MAKING NURS 6050
Title: THE ROLE OF THE RN/APRN IN POLICY-MAKING NURS 6050 

Hello Sasha, thank you for your informative post on a nurse’s role in policymaking. Nursing as a profession is trained to advocate for

THE ROLE OF THE RN APRN IN POLICY-MAKING NURS 6050

our patients, educate them on healthcare topics, and interpret in layman terms what is not understood. All these skills are essentially what is needed to assist legislation on healthcare policies. Who is more qualified than nurses to educate, interpret, and advocate for a health-related policy. One of the easiest ways to get involved is by joining a professional organization. The American Nurses Association is a great organization that supports and advocates for its nurse members. You mentioned that one challenge is the cost of joining, ANA has a special incentive for student nurses. They feel if we become involved early we will shape the future of nursing and remain involved(American Nursing Association [ANA], n.d.).

Nurses often feel their opinions do not matter or will not be heard, they are unaware or unskilled in developing policies. Nurses previously lacked the education on whom to contact or ways to influence policy. Advanced nursing institutions are now offering formal education for nurses and requiring classes on policy and politics, and it opens new doors that nurses may not have known existed (American Nurse, 2016). Classes like this one introduce nurses to how we can influence healthcare policy. When you feel your voice is heard, it leads to personal fulfillment and job satisfaction. This added confidence makes nurses more inclined to remain involved in policymaking. Knowing your advocating for your patients and profession makes you a better leader.

References

American Nurse. (2016, September 22). The nursing profession’s potential impact on policy and politics. Retrieved January 13, 2022, from

American Nursing Association. (n.d.). Nursing students. American nursing association. Retrieved January 19, 2022, from https://www.nursingworld.org/membership/student-nurses/

A Sample Answer 5 For the Assignment: THE ROLE OF THE RN/APRN IN POLICY-MAKING NURS 6050
Title: THE ROLE OF THE RN/APRN IN POLICY-MAKING NURS 6050 

RNs and APRNs play essential roles in health care that influence policy decisions. There are numerous chances for nurses and nurse practitioners to get involved in policy-making. House policy-making and evaluation are essential, but legislative and political advocacy is no less critical to advancing the profession and patient care (ANA,2020). Participating in creating these policies establishes and incorporates relevant criteria for providing care. 

The first opportunity for APRNs to actively participate in policy-making is becoming a member of a professional nursing organization. Doing so allows an NP to gain access to the tools it might take to get involved with groups of others participating in policy-making. Although some may feel hesitant about joining a professional organization, induction is primarily expected in the nursing community (Echevarria, 2018). An example of a professional organization is the American Association of Nurse Practitioners. Being a part of the American Association of Nurse Practitioners (AANP) is more than just a membership; it is a real opportunity to make a measurable difference in the strength of your profession and the health of this country (American Association of Nurse Practitioners, 2022). This organization offers much insight into the education, advocacy, and practice. Being a member of the AANP will allow individuals to be educated and aware and allows RNs and APRNS to make a difference in patient care. 

 The second opportunity for APRNs and registered nurses to actively participate in policy-making is to continue education. While nurses can participate in policy-making at any educational level, pursuing an advanced degree is an effective way to get a seat at the nursing policy table. Earning a DNP demonstrates nurses’ expertise at the highest level of practice, represents their commitment to advancing health outcomes, and distinguishes them as a thought leader. The DNP has been recognized by the American Association of Colleges of Nursing as the most appropriate degree for advanced-practice registered nurses to enter practice (Marymount University,2021). 

   APRNs might face a challenge in policy-making is the lack of available resources and knowledge.   Some nurses felt as though they did not possess the right resources to be able to mobilize policy-making actions. Reviewing and developing policies can become overwhelming and intimidating. APRNs also felt they had a lack of knowledge pertaining to health policy development, thus making it difficult to move forward in the process. Nurses and nurse practitioners found that influencing policy development and the course of the health policy is mainly about securing resources for health care (Shariff,2014). To overcome this challenge, I recommend becoming a professional nursing organization member. Nursing organizations give nurses the tools they need to stay current on best practices, read the opinions of industry leaders, and get a peek at what other hospitals throughout the nation are doing to change patient care. 

The second challenge nurses and APRNs might face is a feeling of powerlessness to affect policy change. It is not uncommon to feel as though your voice is being ignored when you are a part of a significant movement. Front‐line nurses may believe it is impossible to create policy change at the national or even local level; many may think their role is too small to make a difference in health policy. However, the front-line engagement nurses have with patients, and other healthcare professionals, make them ideal healthcare policy advocates (Rafferty,2018). When decision-makers hear from nurses and practitioners, it will improve decisions on care coordination, regulatory changes, and health information technology. Knowledge is power in these situations. 

One of the strategies I may implement is educating other nurses so they can be a part of policy-making. Until this class, I had no idea that I could affect policy-making. I would share facts, get people involved in a nursing organization that suits them, and increase awareness that we can make a change as nurses or APRNs. A second strategy I would use is to get the hospital I work at involved in policy reviews and nurse advocacy. I would create an in-house organization that makes nurses aware of their power to make change happen. I would collect a list of hospital issues we experience, see what we can do to change them, and collaborate with other hospitals to see if the issue is happening elsewhere. 

American Association of Nurse Practitioners. (2022). Clinical Resources for Nurse Practitioners (NPS). American Association of Nurse Practitioners. Retrieved October 12, 2022, from https://www.aanp.org/practice/clinical-resources-for-nps 

ANA. (2020, April 27). Advocacy. Practice Advocacy . Retrieved October 12, 2022, from https://www.nursingworld.org/practice-policy/advocacy/ 

Echevarria, I.  (2018).  Make connections by joining a professional nursing 

organization.  Nursing,  48 (12),  35-38.  doi: 10.1097/01.NURSE.0000547721.84857.cb. 

Marymount University.(2021, November 11). 5 ways nurses can shape policy. Marymount University Online. Retrieved October 12, 2022, from https://online.marymount.edu/blog/nursing-influence-on-health-care-policy 

Rafferty A. M. (2018). Nurses as change agents for a better future in health care: the politics of drift and dilution. Health economics, policy, and law, 13(3-4), 475–491. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1744133117000482 

Shariff N. (2014). Factors that act as facilitators and barriers to nurse leaders’ participation in health policy development. BMC nursing, 13, 20. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6955-13-20 

A Sample Answer 6 For the Assignment: THE ROLE OF THE RN/APRN IN POLICY-MAKING NURS 6050
Title: THE ROLE OF THE RN/APRN IN POLICY-MAKING NURS 6050 

Thank you for your informative post. Professional nursing organizations are a

great option for nurses to utilize for policymaking. (ANA, n.d.) There are so many to choose. The American Nurses Association is a popular one, however, some are specific to the nursing specialty that one has experience in. Professional organizations empower nurses by keeping them up to date with the most current education. (Gaines, 2019) Opportunities are also provided that can be used to create policies. Members of professional nursing organizations have a better chance at policy making.

American Nurses Association. (n.d.) Member Benefits. Retrieved January 21, 2022, from https://www.nursingworld.org/membership/member-benefits/

Gaines, K. (2019). You Should Join a Nursing Organization. Here’s Why. Retrieved January 21, 2022, from https://nurse.org/articles/benefits-of-nursing-organizations/

Milstead, J. A., & Short, N. M. (2019). Health policy and politics: A nurse’s guide (6th ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

A Sample Answer 7 For the Assignment: THE ROLE OF THE RN/APRN IN POLICY-MAKING NURS 6050
Title: THE ROLE OF THE RN/APRN IN POLICY-MAKING NURS 6050 

I enjoyed reading your discussion paper; thank you for sharing informative information that was easy to understand and interpret. It is true and accurate that when the nurses join the organizations such as ANA, it opens the door for the nursing profession to be part of health care policy making. Nurses must be part of this process as we work with patients, and we are aware of their needs and work better to better take care of them. According to the online article, ” ANA is a friend and ally to 4 million registered nurses in the US, throughout all specialties and practice settings. Together, we have the power to advance the nursing profession and create a health care environment in which the nurses can thrive (Join the American Nurses).”

Specializing in psych, I am looking forward to joining the APNA after completing my education as I have to advocate for my patients.

Great post!

References

Join the American Nurses Association. ANA. (n.d.). Retrieved January 22, 2022, from https://www.nursingworld.org/membership/joinANA/?utm_source=googlead&utm_medium=paidsocial&utm_campaign=acquisition_main&utm_term=membership&gclid=CjwKCAiA0KmPBhBqEiwAJqKK477w

A Sample Answer 8 For the Assignment: THE ROLE OF THE RN/APRN IN POLICY-MAKING NURS 6050
Title: THE ROLE OF THE RN/APRN IN POLICY-MAKING NURS 6050 

When talking about the healthcare professionals, the roles of nurses, either the registered nurses (RNs) or the advanced nurse practitioners APRNs) can not be underrated. Nurses offer a unique, expert perspective on every aspect of the health care system and have an important voice in efforts to improve health (American Nurses Association [ANA], n.d.). Based on this, their involvement in the policy-making process is very paramount. The participation of the nurses in policy-making will facilitate patient care delivery. RNs’ and APRNs’ influence in health policies protects patient safety, increases the quality of care, facilitates their access to the required resources, and promotes quality health care (Arabi et al., 2014).

Nursing organizations promote active participation by nurses in policymaking. For instance, the American Association of Colleges of Nursing emphasizes the role of nursing in the policy. For example, many educational programs incorporate policymaking into their curriculum. The National League for Nursing and the American Nurses Association also expect nurses to address policy as part of their professional role (Burke, 2016a).

How Nurses Can Partake in Policy-Making Process

A few of the numerous ways a nurse can partake in policymaking process are reading through pieces of literature and learning how policy is developed. Also, one should seek out policy areas one wants to influence, search the internet, research, and contact nursing organizations that participate in policy development. Nursing organizations and organizations such as AARP have multiple user-friendly internet sites that provide information about participating in policymaking activities (Burke, 2016b). Another way to become actively involved in policymaking is to meet with both local and state legislatures. Also, nurses can become actively involved in policymaking by becoming a nursing organization member such as American Nurses Association (ANA) or any other nursing professional organization (ANA, n.d.).

Challenges in Policy-Making Process

As there are many opportunities to get involved in the policymaking process, so are some challenges. One of those challenges includes difficulty in getting the ideas/agenda to the floor of the house. To overcome this challenge, one must be sure that he/she is knowledgeable with evidence-based facts regarding the issue before presenting to the policymakers. Involving the media is another way to get one’s agenda to the floor of the house and finally passed into law. Disseminating the information through social media brings the issue to the public’s awareness, which in turn pressurizes the law makers. Social media can support nursing campaigns and help the profession build relationships with key stakeholders to influence policy and political processes (O’Connor & Holloway, 2019).

References

American Nurses Association. (n.d.). Health Policy. Retrieved January 17, 2021 from https://www.nursingworld.org/practice-policy/health-policy/

Arabi, A., Rafii, F., Cheraghi, M. A., & Ghiyasvandian, S. (2014). Nurses’ policy influence: A concept analysis. Iranian journal of nursing and midwifery research, 19(3), 315–322.

Burke S. (2016). Influence through policy: Nurses have a unique role. Retrieved January 17, 2021 from https://nursingcentered.sigmanursing.org/commentary/more-commentary/Vol42_2_nurses-have-a-unique-role

Grading Rubric
Performance Category 100% or highest level of performance

100%

16 points

Very good or high level of performance

88%

14 points

Acceptable level of performance

81%

13 points

Inadequate demonstration of expectations

68%

11 points

Deficient level of performance

56%

9 points

Failing level

of performance

55% or less

0 points

 Total Points Possible= 50           16 Points    14 Points 13 Points        11 Points           9 Points          0 Points
Scholarliness

Demonstrates achievement of scholarly inquiry for professional and academic topics.

Presentation of information was exceptional and included all of the following elements:

Provides evidence of scholarly inquiry relevant to required TD topic(s).
Presents specific information from scholarly sources to develop a comprehensive presentation of facts.
Uses at least one outside scholarly reference that is relevant, less than 5 years old (use of older references requires instructor permission) and reliable for the required topic.*
Uses in-text citation and full reference at end of posting when presenting another person’s thoughts as quotes or paraphrase of information.
Presentation of information was good, but was superficial in places and included all of the following elements:

Provides evidence of scholarly inquiry relevant to required TD topic(s).
Presents specific information fro